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Antibiotic Resistance in
COVID-19 Patients:
Consequences of Misuse and
Challenges in Treating
Bacterial Infections
Presenter: Aashika Rai
Picture by pixel
Mentor: Professor Ramlochan
Monroe College, KGS
• Bacterial infections in hospitalized patients significantly
increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in COVID-
19 patients is a global issue.
(Abubakar et al., 2023; Polly et al., 2022; Sahu et al., 2022)
Infections and Antibiotic Resistance
Overuse of
antibiotics in
COVID19
patients
(Zhou et al., 2020)
Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital: Patient receiving antibiotics vs bacteria infected patients
95%
15%
The present research reviewed only:
✔Research articles.
✔Recent data, from 2020-2024.
✔Researcher recommendations, to assist with creation of the
present researcher’s recommendation.
• Patients with antibiotic resistance were more likely to develop
bacterial infections (Sahu et al., 2022).
• Multidrug-resistant bacteria increased (Abubakar et al., 2023).
• Healthcare-associated infection control challenges increased (Polly
et al., 2022).
Key Findings from the Literature:
During the Pandemic
• Prescription of empirical antimicrobial therapy to hospitalized
patients, often without confirmed bacterial co-infections increased (Elshenawy et al., 2023).
• 3.5% of COVID-19 patients had confirmed bacterial co-infections
yet 56.6% were prescribed antibacterial therapy (Vaughn et al., 2021).
Findings from Literature Cont’d
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
• Careful prescription of antibiotics (Sahu et al., 2022).
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
• Careful prescription of antibiotics (Sahu et al., 2022).
• Careful use of antibiotics, and infection prevention and control (Abubakar et al., 2023).
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
• Careful prescription of antibiotics (Sahu et al., 2022).
• Careful use of antibiotics, and infection prevention and control (Abubakar et al., 2023).
• Be alert for outbreaks; adjust strategies as needs change; participate in training on infection control (Polly et al., 2022).
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
• Careful prescription of antibiotics (Sahu et al., 2022).
• Careful use of antibiotics, and infection prevention and control (Abubakar et al., 2023).
• Be alert for outbreaks; adjust strategies as needs change; participate in training on infection control (Polly et al., 2022).
• Enhance Stewardship Programs to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use (Abubakar et al., 2023; Polly et al., 2022; Sahu et al., 2022).
Recommendations from Research: Antibiotic Prescription
• Careful prescription of antibiotics (Sahu et al., 2022).
• Careful use of antibiotics, and infection prevention and control (Abubakar et al., 2023).
• Be alert for outbreaks; adjust strategies as needs change; participate in training on infection control (Polly et al., 2022).
• Enhance Stewardship Programs to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use (Abubakar et al., 2023; Polly et al., 2022; Sahu et al., 2022).
• Utilize quick tests: Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) (Kost, 2021).
Recommendations from Research: Data Sharing and Collaboration
● Share global data and strategies (Abubakar et al., 2023).
Recommendations from Research: Data Sharing and Collaboration
● Share global data and strategies (Abubakar et al., 2023).
● Implement multidisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals (Kost, 2021).
Recommendations from Research: Data Sharing and Collaboration
● Share global data and strategies (Abubakar et al., 2023).
● Implement multidisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals (Kost, 2021).
● Track and report antibiotic resistance trends in real-time (Abubakar et
al., 2023).
Recommendations from Research: Data Sharing and Collaboration
Proposed Future Mitigation Strategies: Original Program
“AWARE” (Antibiotic Wisdom and Resistance Education)
• More targeted than the current Antibiotic Stewardship Program (ASP).
• Increases education and awareness about antibiotic resistance and responsible antibiotic use (Elshenawy et al., 2023).
Aspect Current ASP Implementation
AWARE program
Supporting
sources
Audit and
Feedback
Regular
prescription
review and
feedback
Enhanced with real-time
data analytics and AI-
supported decision-
making
(Abubakar et al.,
2023; Elshenawy et
al., 2023)
Formulary
Restriction
Pre-authorization
required for certain
antibiotics
Broader scope including
point-of-care diagnostics
to support decisions
(Abubakar et al.,
2023; Kost, 2021)
Guidelines and
Clinical pathways
Standard protocols
for antibiotic use Integrated with latest
research, continuously
updated
(Elshenawy et al.,
2023; Polly et al.,
2022)
Recommended Improvements Applied in AWARE Program
Aspect Current ASP Implementation
AWARE program
Supporting
sources
Education and
Training
Training programs
for healthcare
professionals
Comprehensive, including
simulations and
interdisciplinary workshops
including public
(Kost, 2021;
Polly et al.,
2022)
Surveillance and
Reporting
Monitoring
antibiotic use and
resistance trends
Advanced with geospatial
tracking and real-time
reporting
(Abubakar et
al., 2023; Kost,
2021)
Educational
Campaigns
Limited public
outreach Extensive campaigns targeting
diverse demographics catered
to them
(Elshenawy et
al., 2023;
Abubakar et al.,
2023)
Recommended Improvements Applied in AWARE Program
Aspect Current ASP Implementation
AWARE program
Supporting
Sources
Curriculum
Integration
Not typically included Incorporated into
medical and nursing
education curricula
(Elshenawy et al.,
2023; Polly et al.,
2022)
Patient Education
Resources
Basic information
provision Detailed, accessible
resources for patients
and families
(Abubakar et al.,
2023; Elshenawy
et al., 2023)
Community
Outreach
Sporadic community
engagement Structured programs
with community leaders
and organizations
(Abubakar et al.,
2023; Kost, 2021)
Recommended Improvements Applied in AWARE Program
Filling Gaps with AWARE
• Real-time Data Analytics
• Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)
• Geospatial Tracking
• Continuous Curriculum Updates
• Enhanced Public Awareness
The prevalence of mortality by antibiotic resistance in COVID-19 patients (Mahoney et al., 2021) Source: The silent pandemic: Emergent antibiotic resistances following the global response to SARS-CoV-2
Conclusion
• Antibiotic resistance due to misuse
of antibiotics on COVID-19 patients
requires urgent measures.
• Development of more targeted
programs, like AWARE, effectively
educates healthcare professionals and
the public on responsible antibiotic
use.
References
Abubakar, U., Al-Anazi, M., Alanazi, Z., & Rodriguez-Bano, J. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on multidrug resistant
gram positive and gram negative pathogens: A systematic review. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 16(3), 320-331.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.12.022
Elshenawy, R.A., Umaru, N., Alharbi, A.B. et al. Antimicrobial stewardship implementation before and during the COVID-19
pandemic in the acute care settings: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 23, 309 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-
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